Exosomes can be employed as a diagnostic biomarker

Glaucoma

Early symptoms of primary glaucoma are insidious, and nearly half of Chinese glaucoma patients have missed the best time for treatment when diagnosed (Liang et al., 2018). In addition to conventional diagnostic methods, exosomes can be used as risk predictors to supplement the existing glaucoma diagnostic strategies. Sacca et al. (2012) found through proteomic analysis that compared with healthy controls, the expression levels of several exosome proteins in aqueous humor of glaucoma patients were significantly increased. Among them, heat shock protein 90 played a key role in the release of exosomes (Lauwers et al., 2018). Dismuke et al. (2015) detected miRNAs involved in aqueous humor generation and drainage tissue communication, such as miR-204, miR-191, and miR-148a, suggesting that glaucoma can be diagnosed by identifying the content of specific miRNAs in aqueous exosomes.

DR

Exosomes are also important for the diagnosis of DR. The change of exosome contents is earlier than the appearance of fundus lesions, and has high specificity. It is an ideal biological marker for early diagnosis of DR, prediction of disease progress, and prognosis. Sadeghzadeh et al. (2020) proposed that the plasma expression levels of miR-222 and miR-15a can be used to distinguish pre-diabetes from normal people. Compared with diabetes, the expression of miR-15a in pre-diabetes patients is significantly downregulated. Compared with healthy controls, the miRNA expression profile of plasma EVs in diabetes was different. Mazzeo et al. (2018) found that the expression of miR-150-5p, miR-21-3p, and miR-30b-5p in the diabetes group was increased, which can be used as a potential biomarker of diabetes retinopathy. Further, Fan et al. analyzed the mRNA of plasma exosomes in type 1 diabetes patients and healthy controls, and found four differentially expressed mRNA with statistical significance, indicating that plasma-derived exosomes mRNAs can be used as a new minimally invasive diagnostic tool for diabetes.

Exosomes play an important role in various biological processes, affecting various physiological and pathological processes. It has been proved that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of ophthalmopathy from the molecular mechanism. In the future, the construction of an exosome delivery and treatment platform based on engineered exosomes is conducive to the realization of precision medicine for ocular diseases.

Ref: Feng, X., Peng, Z., Yuan, L., Jin, M., Hu, H., Peng, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Luo, Z., & Liao, H. (2023). Research progress of exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular diseases. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 11, 1100310. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1100310

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