In 1967, Halperin et al. first discovered secreted vesicles in carrot plant cell walls. In 2009, exosome-like nanoparticles were first extracted from sunflower seeds. There have been many studies confirming the beneficial roles of plant EVs in a variety of biological activities such as inflammation, tumor, skin trauma, drug delivery, etc, for example, ginger EVs, the most widely studied plant sample, can effectively ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease, influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota, load chemotherapeutic drugs, nucleic acid agents to achieve effective drug delivery. Previous studies have found that ginger extracts have good therapeutic effects in gastrointestinal, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Nowadays, ginger EVs are considered to have better and broader therapeutic effects than ginger extracts, which can be preferentially taken up by macrophages or monocytes to exert the corresponding targeting effects. In addition, EVs have been isolated from Chinese herbs, an ancient and effective medicine, and studies have concluded that they exert greater anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects than Chinese herbal tonics alone.
Plant EVs are isolated and purified from various plants that may contain other vesicles with similar diameters as well as organelles and cell membranes, collectively known as plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs). PELNs are a class of 50–1000 nm, whose size varies depending on the source of the PELNs and the method of isolation. We have developed PlantExosure to streamline plant EV isolation. It gives pure exosome for your downstream research.
Anti-inflammatory
PELNs have been shown to have natural therapeutic potential and are capable of being internalized into mammalian cells through cytophagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated endocytosis, and pinocytosis to play corresponding biological roles. Ginger ELNs can enter the gastrointestinal tract of mice and then reach the liver to exert their effects. Hwang et al. found that yam ELNs can pass through the intestinal tight junction protein ZO-1, be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells, enter the blood circulation and the hepatic-intestinal circulation, and participate in intercellular communication. PELNs also function to regulate the inflammatory response by blocking the activation and release of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles. The NLRP3 inflammasome regulates the release of interleukin-related inflammatory factors, and activation promotes inflammation, a key factor in ameliorating the inflammatory response. Liu et al. found that shiitake mushroom-derived ELNs also possessed anti-inflammatory activity, which blocked the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibited proinflammatory factors, such as IL-6, as well as protected against drug-induced acute liver injury in mice. Leek ELNs inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles in primary mouse macrophages and attenuated the inflammatory response during acute liver injury. The relationship between other types of PELNs and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles can be followed up, and the mechanism of action can be explored.
Repair skin trauma and improve skin condition
Wound healing is a complex and time-consuming process that includes four steps: hemostasis, anti-inflammation, cell proliferation and migration, and tissue remodeling. Studies have confirmed that PELNs can play a positive and effective role in the wound healing process. Grapefruit ELNs increase the viability of HaCaT cells, and wound healing-promoting related genes and proteins COL1A1, fibronectin, waveform protein, laminin, and the pro-migratory cytokines CCL5/RANTES, EGF-1, IGF-1, CCL11/Eotaxin, while reducing the anti-migratory cytokine TIMP-1 and promoting wound healing can also enhance the angiogenic capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to further recover. Wheat ELNs promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, increase mRNA levels of type I collagen, leading to collagen production, promote angiogenesis in endothelial cells, and facilitate wound healing.
There are many more properties of EVs that can be explored, like drug delivery vehicle, maintenance of gut microbial and immune homeostasis, etc,
To read more refer to the following article
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- cancer
- EVs
- exosome
- extracellular vesicles
- india
- plant exosomes
- plants
